Lady Macbeth is one of the most striking characters in the play Essay Example for Free

noblewoman Macbeth is one of the most owing(p) eccentrics in the joke Es translate bird Macbeth is one of the most striking characters in the guide. What ar your regainings toward this character and how do they change as the play progresses?What makes Lady Macbeth so striking in her first few scenes is her manipulative, vindictive nature. She is a very entertainling character yet we see her troubled mind reveal itself as the play progresses. Her most famous scene, Act 5 scene 1, eachows the auditory sense to see how she has truly been affected by the murders in which she had been snarly. She is sleep walking and revealing unconsciously her emotions toward the un cartridge holderly deaths of King Dun rat, Banquo and the Macduff household.I hold up petty sympathy for this character because if it were not for her driving Macbeth to the murder of Duncan, he most be wish would not conduct become so obsessed with his infatuation of becoming king. As we see in Act 1 scen e 5 she is extremely ambitious near the prospect of Macbeths condition increasing. She talks of murder without an ounce of guilt and merely worries over her husband beingness also gentle to actually commit the execution of instrument of the king. She refers to him being too full othemilk of human kindness and states that he is in fact without ambition and so would not carry out the deed properly. Her character could, however, be extremely ambitious regardless of the state of power that her husband is in, the situation could have brought out the most of her desire.In each of her scenes we see a new side to her personality. During Act 1 scene 5 we see her praying to evil spirits in her soliloquy for her to become more masculine and evil, with whatever feminine attri neverthelesses and natures to be stripped from her, implying that she also may need a little push to make her ambitious enough to commit the murders. This also suggests to the audition that her conscious would proba bly not let her commit those crimes alone. She asks the evil spirits to Come to my womans breasts/And take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers. hitherto, when Macbeth arrives home, he refers to her as my dearest love she thus immediately sets about manipulating him and goading him into the murder. When she learns of Duncan coming to dinner, she administrates ideas of looking above suspicion.She tells him look like thinnocent flower/But be the serpent undert. Shakespeare uses very expressive linguistic process here with contrasting imagery of a flower (which represents good) and a serpent (which represents evil). This could also be interpreted as a metaphor for Macbeths relationship with his married woman in that when Lady Macbeth is plotting murderous schemes and manipulating her husband, Macbeth is presented in a good and vulnerable blithesome.The same applies for when Macbeth decides to take the murders further and the audience gains sympathy for his wife. Macbeth is le ft with little to say and is interrupted by his wife on several occasions in that scene, providing the audience with a clear insight into Shakespeares intentions for the pecking order within the relationship. That hierarchy being where Macbeth is more or less controlled by what Lady Macbeth tells him to do, almost like a spell of her own. This provides strong evidence for those who believe that Lady Macbeth herself is a mesmerise of some kind.In Act 1 scene 6 Duncan arrives at Macbeths castle with other various guests and originally comments on the pleasant air that it gives off, referring to it as Nimbly and sweet. This presents the audience with a dose of dramatic irony as they come that what really lies inside the castle itself is as evil and twisted as its inhabitants. He also refers to Lady Macbeth as Our honoured air hostess.- The love/That follows us sometime is our trouble.The problem with Lady Macbeth in this scene is that she is elaborately polite and good natured that it could soft appear to be insincere. She tells Duncan that she has checked and double checked that everything is sufficiently in order. She tells him she will pray for him constantly and speaks of loyalty and gratitude for past kind deeds. Shakespeare is preferably instant when it comes to Lady Macbeths lines, she speaks continuously of her homage to him and the effort they are making for him. This is in an obvious bid for her to gain their trust and it does indeed work. Duncan reacts graciously towards this most probably due to his age and gratitude for the effort made.Act 1 scene 7 sees Lady Macbeth belittling her husband in an attempt for him to agree whole heartedly to cleanup position the king of Scotland. She uses foul phrases with appalling imagery such as telling Macbeth that while she was breast feeding her baby she would while it was smiling in my cheek/Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums/And dashed the brains out, had I so sworn. She tries to come over as v ery menacing and heartless at this purport in the play, making a point of the fact that if she had promised to kill her own child she would do so, however, after the murder of Duncan, she contradicts herself rather strongly as she comments on being able to kill her father.In Act 2 scene 2, Macbeth returns from killing the king to discuss the event with his wife. Shakespeare uses this as an opportunity for the audience to feel sympathy as we see his grief and guilt. We also get to see a very new side to Lady Macbeth, she admits that if he had not looked like her own father she would have done the deed herself, showing that underneath her hard exterior, there are elements of compassion and guilt that though she expresses little, she still feels them full like any other human being. The audience then sees her snap out of her sensitive phase and channel her emotions into reassuring and controlling her husband. She tells him to dismiss his hallucinations about the dagger and to return them to frame the guards who were guarding Duncans room. These deeds must not be thought/After these ways so, it will make us mad.The audience could shoot this as foreshadowing of what occurs as the play progresses as both Lady Macbeth and her husband experience mental disturbances because of the horrific crimes they committed. Hands are used as a metaphor throughout this scene and as an extended metaphor throughout the play. Macbeth refers to his as hangmans hands and uses phrases such as ravelled sleeve of care, whereas Lady Macbeth is distant more literal and tells him to wash this filthy witness from your hand. This could be interpreted as the hands representing guilt and so each character handles the guilt in different ways Macbeth is very open about his guilt and remorse by using dramatic devices such as personification and metaphors, for example Glamis hath dispatch sleep, and therefore Cawdor/Shall sleep no more Macbeth shall sleep no more. Lady Macbeth, however, deals wi th her culpability in a different way in that she pretends to feel slide fastener towards the situation barely it obviously haunts her as we see in her final scene in Act 5 scene 1 where she sleep walks and hallucinates. Shakespeare illustrates this substantially when Lady Macbeth mocks Macbeth for being so gentle My hands are of your colour, but I shame/To wear a heart so white. She also says rather flippantly, A little water clears us of this deed./How easy is it then Your constancy/Hath left you unattended. Shakespeares intention for this scene, I gauge, was to show us that there is a sensitive, unlawful side underneath her shell of ambition and malevolence.Act 2 scene 3 sees Macduff discovering Duncans murder with great astonishment. He alerts the whole castle including Banquo, Malcolm and Donaldbain of the kings death and so Lady Macbeth enters. She acts very much like thinnocent flower by pretending to be oblivious to what had happened in the previous scene, Whats the bus iness/That such a dire trumpet calls to parley/The sleepers of the house?Then with immense dramatic irony, Macduff replies calling her gentle lady and commenting on the fact that the talk of murderous deeds is too tender for a womans ears. The audience would find this somewhat amusing as they know that Lady Macbeth is solely responsible for the murder of Duncan and so would not in any way find the subject too sensitive or painful. She reacts in a way similar to that when she was attending to Duncan in Act 1 scene 6, where she is very elaborate in her efforts to help, creating a suspiciously false air about her. She then dramatically faints and is carried out, she is lucky that the people around her are so affected by the murder that they do not overtly notice her over the top antics.Lady Macbeth experiences a loss of power and control in Act 3 scene 2, where Macbeth arranges his next murder without her involvement. Shakespeare has her character showing compassion to her husbands so rriest fancies when he complains of insecurity about his dangerous thoughts and deeds. She tries to make him bar what has happened by instructing himUsing those thoughts which should indeed have died/With them think on? Things without all remedy/Should be without regard whats done, is done.The audience at this moment does not know that Lady Macbeth doesnt practice these ideas herself and in fact reveals her guilt subconsciously. My feelings toward Lady Macbeth at this time are cold and my sympathy leans toward Macbeth as we see him feeling very remorseful and suicidal. He mentions, Better be with the dead/Whom we, to gain our peace, have sent to peace,/Than on the torture of the mind to lie/In restless ecstasy. However as we see a new side to Macbeth where he is plotting murders without her it does make me wonder would he have killed Duncan without her influence?Lady Macbeth presents herself as the gracious hostess once more as she invites the lords to dinner in Act 3 scene 4. At t he beginning of the scene the audience is presented with the news of Banquos slaughter. Lady Macbeth suspects this but is not directly informed as her husband has somewhat distanced himself from her, implying that he does not need her influences for villainous thoughts any more, he can do it all by himself now. This scene manages to arouse some sympathy for Lady Macbeth as we see her power lessening downfall.This could be what ultimately leads to her suspected suicide. The audience gets to date that Shakespeare did not want to present Lady Macbeth as a character who takes pleasure in the sight of bloodshed and gore, but one who craves power and enforces her ambitions upon those she can manipulate. We also see a role reversal here for the second time in the play. She already has upset the natural order of marital hierarchy from the beginning of the play where she presents herself in the dominant role which was extremely uncommon for that period. Then as the play progresses she becom es part of a downward spiral where she loses power and the status within the marriage as she becomes the more recessive figure next to her now dominant husband.The stalk of Banquo makes an appearance at the dinner circumvent in this scene but of course only Macbeth can see (another one of his deluded hallucinations). He becomes extremely unsettled by this and begins to shout at the ghost with a fiery passion that stuns the rest of his guests. Thou canst not say I did it never shake/Thy gory locks at me Ross initiates the lords standing up and leave their new king in peace to rest and collect himself but Lady Macbeth being thinnocent flower that she pretends to be assures the lords that he is fine and is just un closely. The audience feel some sort of consideration for her as we can see her husbands mental health deteriorates and her power disintegrate. She snaps at Macbeth Are you a man? as she quite obviously feels utterly embarrassed by his reactions to the ghost. She tries to use this as an opportunity to regain her status above Macbeth which is understandable as she feels defeated but is selfish considering her husbands state.In the most dramatic scene in Lady Macbeths presence on stage, the audience is given the opportunity to see the REAL Lady Macbeth as her subconscious takes over her physical state. At the beginning of her last scene, Act 5 scene 1, the doctor and gentlewoman are analysing her recent behaviour, She has light by her continually, tis her command. As light is a common metaphor for purity this insinuates that she doesnt want to be considered evil and wants to redeem herself but cant because she is too involved to dig herself out now and so her subconscious speaks the words she cannot.Out damned spot Out, I say One, two. Why then tis time to dot. underworld is murky. Fie, my lord, fie, a soldier, and afeard? What need we fear? Who knows it, when none can call our power to account? Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so mu ch blood in him?This is one of the most remembered speeches in Shakespeares literature and is so because of its quirky formation. Shakespeare has used very disjointed language with punctuation mark separating every short phrase. This translates to her being very edgy and emotionally unstable. She then reels off a list of other people for which she feels responsible for their deaths as well as her husband. She refers back to the common theme of hands which has occurred throughout the play. What, will these hands neer be clean? All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. O, O, O. She still refers to her hands as being little and the need for them to be sweetened and so this indicates the want for her to be filled with good and that she is feeling true guilt and mental anguish. This anguish finally leads to her suicide by unspecified means. Shakespeare probably chose not to present the death of Lady Macbeth on stage to conduct to the impact of her exit and last scen e and also to be slightly ambiguous. I think a dying scene would have been effective for Lady Macbeths last scene, she could perhaps have given a soliloquy explaining how she truly was feeling.To conclude, it is evident that Shakespeare had Lady Macbeths emotional state disintegrate as the play proceeded to in effect show the downfall of a control freak. It is undecided whether or not she is pretending to be the controlling evil person which her persona appears to be but that is in a way irrelevant as it was certainly influential enough to drive her husband to multiple homicides. She was certainly a prevail character for going against the Chain of Being in which God was considered to be ultimately at the top with monarchs under that and other members of society such as lords and townsfolk following after, but at the bottom were women and so she was courageous to consider herself to be above even monarchyThough wrong it is admirable, especially considering what was tell if the chai n of being was to be disrupted, that chaos would arise, disrupting the natural order of life on earth and in the heavens which is seen as inexcusable. I personally think that Lady Macbeth was blamed for a lot that wasnt entirely her fault. It is implied that because Macbeth ended Banquos life and slaughtered Macduffs wife and children in a desperate bid for the throne, he was emotionally heart-to-heart of murdering Duncan all by himself. In the first two acts we have little sympathy for Lady Macbeth as Shakespeare only provides the audience with her vindictive exterior, at this time we cannot see what she is truly thinking and feeling.It is only as the play progresses that we understand WHY she turns out to be the way that she is, that she has a very ambitious character and so enforces that upon her husband. She feels that Macbeth becoming king will benefit them both and sees killing the existing king as the fastest way to get to the throne. She then becomes in stages defeated as Macbeths ambition and obsession with becoming king begins to soar and spiral. She is then over-ridden with guilt and eventually feels that she cannot bear the guilt that torments her troubled mind and so decides to end it all.

Laws Governing Our Behaviour Philosophy Essay

Laws Governing Our Behaviour Philosophy Essaythe very f pr fargonice that a homo obeys the law is due to his goodness. (doubting Thomas 96) The gap between how hoi polloi actu solelyy behave and how plurality ought to behave is so great that any 1 who ignores everyday reality in order to live up to an ideal will soon discover he has been taught how to destroy himself. (Machiavelli, The Prince, p. 48) But precaution restrains men because they are afraid of punishment, and this fear never leaves them. (Machiavelli, The Prince, p. 52) It is essential that anyone setting up a republic and constitution for it should assume that all men are wicked and will always crock up vent to their evil impulses whenever they have the chance to do so. (Machiavelli, Discourses, p.92) Men never do anything good except when forced to. (Machiavelli, Discourses, p. 93) Laws do non make men good. Critically compare Aquinas and Machiavellis responses to this claimLaws can non make people good and virtu ous, it should be people who have to make laws goodHuman beings do not just exist as biological creatures, they are also social creatures. Humans have to fulfill nigh responsibilities to live in a commune, for that causal agency every individual have to obey the spoken and the written rules.Society without law is impossible to think of. It can whole regulate and work by rights with laws. However laws do not make men good. People do not need laws and rules to tell apart what is right or wrong. This knowledge is to be indoors of every individual. Basic issue that my endpoint paper needs to examine is that laws make men good or not. I will explain Machiavellis and Aquinas response to these questions then I will explain my argument. check to Machiavelli, virtu is skill and ability in ruling. It is not a moral thing. A man that has virtu means he is extremely good at what he is doing. To survive and lead to victory, he believes, sometimes prince should act un right on. The virtuo us man is the one who has the qualities that lead him to success in his actions. Prince is a decent man besides sometimes he should act without morality.(Prince,18). If he wants to hold on to power, he should date how not to be good. Because, in some good deal, his goodness would damage him if he cannot use it skillfully.But even virtue cannot guarantee success. So fortune is an classical call for prince to achieve his goal.( Prince,20). Some events happening in our lives and we are not able to change it. Machiavelli says that fortuna determines one half of our actions but it also leaves us to control the different half.(Prince,74). A ruler who only depends on his luck will not survive long because when his fortuna changes, it will destroy him. If one knew how to change, as times and circumstances change will survive with his luck. vertu depends on fortuna and Machiavellis prince needs fortuna to survive long. Both luck and skill needed him to overcome problems. He says the w ay that people behave and should behave is differ and they obey the rules not because they are good but because fear restrains them (Prince,48).Hence laws do not make men good, people pretend to act good and they only obey it because they are forced, we cannot say law contribute them to be act virtuously. People can easily foil and it is their nature to want to be ambitious and to be greedy. Where there is a freedom of choice, they will immediately abuse it. So they only act mighty when they are forced to.(Prince,93). Obeying rules does not make them just, they behave this way because they fear.On the other hand, Aquinas supports that law is a measure and rule which governs peoples acts.(Aquinas,77). It is a change of teacher that teaches people how to act virtuous. So for Aquinas, human laws are required not only to prevent the vicious acts, but also to lead them to be virtuous. Law, even by forcing and punishing, leads men to act good.(Aquinas,100). For him, happiness is the fi nal end of human life and lawful acts tend to produce happiness and blessedness to stumble the final end.(79). He also believes there is a infixed law in people. He points out that every individual understand what is good or bad for himself and human laws derive from the natural laws.Laws are the guardians against the human nature because people would corrupt the freedom if they are not restrained. However rules are not enough to make people good. It just help us to understand people who are tend to bad things. We do not need rules and laws to know what is wrong or right. This knowledge we should have inside. If law compels citizens to act good and they only obey it because they are forced, we cannot say law contribute them to be act virtuously. It is a fact that human beings react in different circumstances in different way of acting. Virtue is something which people acts morally without any outside(a) force. So for that reason it frees people from obligation because virtuous pe rson is choosing to act morally by his own. It is a fact that if laws restrain a man not to kill anyone it can never leads him to have virtue. It must be chosen voluntarily otherwise it does not make him good in real.In conclusion, the position of fear and punishment restrains peoples acts. To ensure the peace, human laws are required. However when people act involuntarily good, it does not make them really good. Acting virtuously is a choice that people accept it freely. It is impossible to improve people as virtuous by putting control mechanisms. They may act just at present but when things change they can easily corrupt and act the way they please. If some people who tend to act badly have the chance, will not hesitate to do what they pleased. So laws cannot make people good and virtuous, it should be people who have to make laws good.GlossaryPrince Machiavelli uses prince not to mean a kings song. His term means ruler. This ruler should be both loved and feared, but since it i s difficult to be successful in both at the same time, it is much reveal to be feared.Virtu Machiavellis understanding of virtue is quite different from the common understanding of the virtue. Of course his virtues include courage, justice, prudence and honesty but he accepts all this actions when they are successful. Virtu means for him skill and ability in ruling. It is not a moral thing. A man that has virtu means he is extremely good at what he is doing. To survive and lead to victory, he believes, sometimes Prince should act unjustly. The virtuous man is the one who has the qualities that lead him to success in his actions. Prince is a decent man but sometimes he should act without morality.(Prince,18). If he wants to hold on to power, he should learn how not to be good. Because, in some circumstances, his goodness would damage him if he cannot use it skillfully.Both luck and skill enable him to overcome problems.Fortuna According to Machiavelli, even virtue cannot guarantee s uccess. So fortune is an important term for prince to achieve his goal.( Prince,20). Some events happening in our lives without our reaction. Machiavelli says that fortuna determines one half of our actions but it also leaves us to control the other half.(Prince,74). A ruler who only depends on his luck will not survive long because when his fortuna changes, it will destroy him. If one knew how to change, as times and circumtances change will survive with his luck. Virtu depends on fortuna and Machiavellis prince needs fortuna to survive long.Underlying problemBasic issue that my term paper needs to examine is that if law makes men good or not. I will explain Aquinas and Machiavellis response to this claim then I will critically discuss it in my argument. The questions that will help meDo people act justly because of they forced?Is it beneficial to act justly?Do laws always illustrate the rights?Are there natural laws?Philosophers responseAccording to Machiavelli, the way that peopl e behave and should behave is differ. Hence, they obey the rules not because they are good but because fear restrains them.(Prince,48).Laws do not make men good. They act colorable. People are easily corrupted and they are selfish. Where there is a freedom of choice, they will immediately abuse it. So they only act justly when they are forced to.(Prince,93). But acting justly does not make them just because they behave this way because they fear. On the other hand, Aquinas claims that law is a measure which governs peoples acts. It is a kind of teacher that teaches people how to act virtuous. So for Aquinas, human laws are required not only to prevent the vicious acts, but also to lead them to virtue.My ArgumentIn my essay, I will support the Machiavellis idea and will refuse the idea of Aquinas. I will argue that laws do not make men good. Laws cannot make people good and virtuous it should be people who have to make laws good. Of course there are natural laws exist which accepted by majority. They are unique and inconvertible. But natural laws are not enough for ruling the city. So to ensure the peace, human laws are required. Fear and punishment restrain peoples acts and lead them to act just. However when people act involuntary good, it is impossible to say that they are virtuous.

Stress is a world wide phenomenon of modern lifestyles

accentuate is a world wide phenomenon of modern lifestylesStress at bring has become these days the newspaper headline of news papers and the talk of the day. It is a world wide phenomenon of modern lifestyles to which our island is not an exception. Various researches show that extreme line of products line hindquarters harmfully affect the emotional and physical health of functioners, which ultimately results in decreased productivity, less satisfaction, and less healthy workers. This chapter therefore serves as the foundation for the development of this study. In this chapter, the theoretical literature on presidential termal breed is examined. The main aim of this section is to go beyond a simple description of the literature so as to demand an understanding of the topic in a theoretical context in indian lodge to better investigate the subject matter having compute applicability to my dissertation.2.1 Definition of tasteStress is not necessarily something great(p) it all depends on how you take it. The song of exhilarating, creative successful work is beneficial, piece of music that of failure, humiliation or infection is detrimental.-Hans Selye (1956)Stress is an imprecise term that can be defined in different viewpoints. In fact, almost anything anyone can come back of, pleasant or unpleasant has been described as a inception of filter. Research in this particular bea has followed several avenues. Hans Selye (1936), one of the founding fathers of prove research, defined underscore as Stress is the bodys nonspecific response to a demand placed on it. He believed that most seekors atomic number 18 so-so(p), until, by our give thinking, we change them into proscribe effects or decreed effects.Since then, further research has been conducted on the topic and ideas build moved on. Stress is now viewed as bad things, with a range of harmful effects. For Arnold and Feldman (1986), prove is defined as the reactions of individuals t o new or threatening factors in their work environment. This definition implies that new situations often rally in our work surrounding, so stress is bound to occur.During the 1980, however, stress was considered as an unfavor fit factor not only in physical and mental health, and in other argonas of life as well. In the organisational environment, for example, stress was implicated in the deterioration of individual work efficiency, which in turn, affected the boilers suit performance of the organization (Gaines and Jerimer, 1983). Stress was also been linked to high soulfulnessnel turnover in organizations (Bowers, 1983). The Confederation of British Industry (CBI) on the other legislate in 1991, defines stress as that which arises when the pressures placed upon an individual exceed the perceived capacity of that individual to cope. agree to Trade Union Congress (TUC), stress occurs where demands make on individuals do not match the re arisings available or meet the individ uals wants and motivation. Stress give arise if the workload is too large for the identification number of workers and time available. Equally, a boring or repetitive task which does not use the probable skills and make of some individuals lead cause them stress.In order to explore this topic further, some of the recent literature on the subject must be considered. It is probably useful to start by considering the legislation on the subject by the health and Safety Executive (HSE). In 2008, the HSE express that stress is the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure or other types of demand placed upon them. accord to research made by Mc Cromick (2005), stress is the relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering well creation. For Auerbach et al,(2007), stress refers to an unpleasant state of emotional and physiological arousal that people experience in situations th at they perceive as dangerous or threatening to their well-being.2.1.1 Types of stressStress can be of two types, superb and bad. Most people believe that stress is always bad. Nothing can be far from the truth A little stress is absolutely necessary for our survival in this highly free-enterprise(a) worldThus, stress is classified into two groups namelyEustress The Good StressEustress is the good stress that helps us to improve our performance. A certain amount of positive stress keeps us pepped up to meet all challenges and is essential for our survival and progress in life.Distress The Bad StressDistress is a negative form of stress. This occurs when the mind and body is unable to cope with changes, and usually occurs when the norms be being deviated. They can be categorized into acute and chronic stress. Acute stress is severe. It lasts for a short period of time. On the other hand, chronic stress lasts over a long period of time.In Gestalt Therapy Verbatim (Real People Press , 1969), Perls proposes a more general definition, where stress is a manifestation of thinking about the future. According to Perls, there is no difference between good and bad stress. They are both maked by thinking about the future. Moreover, French, Kast, and Rosenweing (1985) also emphasized the idea that stress itself is not necessarily bad. The term stress can be considered neutral with the words distress and eustress used for designating bad and good effects. They propose a model that defines an optimum range of stress in terms of its effect on performance. Stress levels below a minimum level result in decreased performance and rust-out.2.2 Symptoms of StressStress is defined by Ganster and Murphy (2000) as a form of strain provoked in response to situational demands labeled stressors which occur when stocks are simultaneously high in demands and low in control. Selye (1946) was the start-off to describe the phases that the body goes through in response to a threat. Selye defined the general adaptation syndrome, which states that the body passes through three stages. The first stage is an alarm reaction. This is typified by receiving a shock, at the time when the bodys defences are down followed by a counter-shock, when the defences are raised. All bodily systems work together to provide utmost energy for fight or flight. The second stage is resistance. If the stress continues, the body builds up a margin to its effect. The body becomes habituated to the effects of the stressor, however, the bodies adaptive energies are being used as a shield against the stressor. The third stage is exhaustion. If the stressor continues to act on the body, however, this acquired adaptation is eventually lost and a state of overloading is reached.Williams and Huber (1986) provide a comprehensive list of the symptoms of stress. These are constant fatigue, low energy level, recurring headaches, gastrointestinal disorders, chronically bad breath, sweaty hands or feet, dizziness, high blood pressure, malleus heart, constant inner tension, inability to sleep, temper outburst, hyperventilation, moodiness, irritability and restlessness, inability to concentrate, increased aggression, compulsive eating, chronic worrying, anxiety, inability to relax, excessive use of alcohol and excessive use of smoking. Furthermore, patronage stress can make people more susceptible to major illness. (Roseman and Friedman, 1971)2.3 Causes of stress in that respect are various causes of job stress, but whichever the cause, it is bound to fall into one of the two categories, namely individual causes or organizational causes. However, it is the interaction of the personality of the worker and the working conditions that arrive at higher level of stress. It exit be beyond the scope of this dissertation to name each and every causes of job stress as there are too many, so we will just list some of the major ones by regrouping them under each category.2.3.1 Individual C ausesAn individual must perceive a stressor in order for it to have a blow on them, and peoples personalities determine how they will recognize something. Some people whitethorn see certain events as more stressful as others. An individual may experience the same situation differently it all depends on their personalities. A shy person may experience more stress than an outgoing person. Therefore, differences in individual factors such as personality and coping style are most central in predicting whether certain job conditions will result in stress. Many researches have been done in this field which shows that there are personality variables such as Type A demeanour and Type B behavior. Stress seems to be a factor in these personality types and specifically how a person responds to stress.According to Timothy and Moore (2001), Type A people are achievement oriented, irritable, impatient with delays, and seem to be always in a hurry. They are substantially involved, committed to their work and often neglects other aspect of their lives. This type of personality shows a tendency to suppress stress symptoms and fatigue because they think that illness might interfere with the completion of various important tasks. The relationship between Type A behavior and symptoms of stress is supported in a study of 236 managers in 12 different companies (Howard, Cunningham, and Rechnitzer, 1976). This showed that Type A behavior was associated in a significant way with high blood pressure and higher cholesterol levels. Individuals having Type A personalities are those who tend to create a lot of stress in their lives.In contrast to Type A, Type B people are less competitive, and more easy going. Robbins (1998) stated that Type B people are more relaxed with no sense of urgency or worry about time that is wasted. They often stop to ricochet on and review performance or what they have been doing. They think of themselves and approach life more calmly. As such, they can de al more effectively with job stress.2.3.2 Organizational CausesAlthough individual factors play a great agency in causing stress, yet scientific evidence has shown that certain working conditions are stressful for most people.Stress affects people at work in many ways and the causes of stress are diverse. Studies by Cooper and Marshall (1978) into source of managerial stress identified an organizational boundary with the individual manager straddling that boundary and, in effect, endeavoring to cope with affairing stressors created by external demands (the family) and internal demands (the organizations). This is depicted in Figure 2.1.The managers response may be affected by individual personality traits, his tolerance for ambiguity, his ability to cope with change, specific motivational factors and well-established behavioral patterns. inside the organization, a number of stressors can be present. These include those associated withThe job aim in the organizationCareer developm entOrganizational structure and climate dealing within the organizationOn the other side of the organizational boundary is the organizations interface with the outside world. Here conflict can be created where there may be competition for an individuals time between the organization and his family, or between the organization and an individuals own particular interests or hobbies. section in organizationRole conflict/ambiguityResponsibility for peopleNo participation in decision making and so forthFigure 2.1 Sources of managerial stressIntrinsic to jobToo a great deal/too little work scurvy physical conditionsTime pressuresDecision-making, etcCareer developmentOver-promotion/under promotionneediness of job insecurityThwarted ambition, etc.Individual ManagerPersonalityTolerance for ambiguityAbility to cope with changeMotivationBehavioral patternOrganizational structure and climateLack of effective consultationRestriction on behaviorOffice politics, etcOrganizational boundaryRelation s within organizationPoor relation with bossPoor relations with colleagues and subordinatesDifficulties in delegating responsibility, etc.Organizational interface with outsideCompany versus family demandsCompany versus own interests, etc.Source Cooper and Marshall (1978). Stress at work Management and Prevention, p.23TUC (2008) lists the main causes of stress as overwork, bullying, low job control and satisfaction, job insecurity, new ways of working, poor work organization and pace of work can all cause stress. Bhagat (1983) has reported that work performance can be seriously impaired by external stressors. There are many aspects of organizational life that can become external stressors. These include issues of structure, managements use of authority, monotony, a lack of opportunity of advancement, excessive responsibilities, ambiguous demands, prize conflicts andunrealistic workloads. A persons non-working life (e.g., family, friends, health and financial situations) can also con tain stressors that negatively concussion job performance. According to Anderson (2002), work to family conflicts is also a predecessor which creates stress in employees of organization.According to McGrath (1978), adverse working conditions such as excessive noise, extreme temperatures, or overcrowding, can be a source of job- think stress. Reitz (1987), reports that workers on swing shifts experience more stress than other workers. Orth-Gomer (1986) concludes that when three shifts are used to provide around-the-clock production, major disturbances in people may be unavoidable. Arnold and Feldman (1986) emphasize the deleterious effects of role ambiguity, conflict, overload and underload. Role ambiguity is often the results of mergers, acquisitions and restructuring, where employees are unsure of their new responsibilities.According to Kahn and Byosiere (1992), role conflict concerns incompatible role expectations. Such conflict is related to conceptual differences between worker s and different supervisors regarding the content or importance of required job tasks. This creates conflict the commitment to a number of superiors versus the individuals values pertaining to the organizations requirements. Katz and Kahn (1978) states that role overload is frequently created by excessive time pressures, where stress increases as a deadline approaches, and then rapidly subsides. Today, role overload is understood to be distinct from role conflict. Role overload is related to number of sick days, feelings of anxiety, frustration, economic crisis, decrease in self-confidence, job burnout, attention and tightfistedness problems and work accidents. (Glisson et al., 2006 Kahn and Byosiere, 1992). Role underload is the result of an insufficient quantity, or an inadequate variety of work. Both overload and underload can result in low self-esteems and stress related symptoms.Moreover, poor interpersonal relationships are also a common source of stress in organizations. Ar nold and Feldman (1986) cite three types of interpersonal relationships that can evoke a stress reaction namely too much prolonged contact with other people, too much contact with people from other departments and an unfriendly or hostile organizational climate. Furthermore career related concerns such as job security and advancement are often source of stress.Holmes and Rahe (1967) constructed a get over of forty-three life events, and rated them gibe to the amount of stress they produce. The most notable feature of their instrument is that many positive life changes (i.e. marriage, divorce, Christmas, vacations etc.) are substantial sources of stress. Generally, stress appears to be a result of any change in ones daily routine.French, Kast, and Rosenweig (1985) believe that any situation that requires a behavioral adjustment is a source of stress. However, a situation that is stressful for one person might not be stressful for another. According to Parasuraman and Alutto (1984), older workers seem to be less strongly affected by stressful situations. Arnold and Feldman (1986) suggest that individuals with high self-esteem and a tolerance for ambiguity are less prone to stress-related illness.2.4 Consequences of stressThe touch stress has on employee performance is no less dramatic. Just as stress accumulates in our bodies, stress accumulates in organizations as well. At high levels, it destroys organizational climate, lowers organizational performance, and weakens organizational effectiveness. While Holmes and Rahe (1980) are concerned mainly with the physiological consequences of stress, there is a wide array of attitudes and behaviors that are affected by stress as well. The consequences of job stress on employee performance are as listed in the table below.Table 1.1 Consequences of Job StressConsequences of Job StressPhysical HealthPsychological Well-BeingPerformanceDecision Making2.4.1 Negative effects of stress on employee performanceStress within t he organization cannot be overlooked. Anderson (2003) states that stress exists in every organization either big or small and the work places and organizations have become so much complex due to which it exists, work place stress has significant effects over the employees job performance. Stress does have a negative impact on employee performance. For instance, Pickering (2001) states that the consequences of stress in the study can be very varied and include high sickness, absence and staff turnover together with poor performance. In addition, stress has been frequently associated with industrial sabotage. Workers sometimes create mechanical failures on the assembly line to give themselves a break from the monotony and strain of their work. Job stress also has an impact on individual productivity. Rose (2003) claims that in every organization and at every level of management and workers an elevated average level of stress is to be found which mostly has an effect on employees job satisfaction.As will be seen in Figure 2.2, McGrath (1976) chartered out the job stress performance curve to explain how stress affects performance.Figure 2.2 Job Stress and performancePE HighRFOR restrictMANCELowLow Moderate HighSource McGrath, J.E. (1976). Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, p.1363Figure 2.2 illustrates that as individuals start feeling more stress at work, their performance will increase. They are thrilled to take advantage of new opportunities or to deal with potential problems. In fact, they will be encouraged to work harder than when they are experiencing little or no stress. People will push themselves to their performance limits under cushion amounts of stress. However, as we can see from the above figure, if stress becomes too high or persists for a long period, performance begins to decrease. People suffer exhaustion they can only work at a fever pitch for so long. The longer the stress lasts, the more their physical and emotional energ y gets drained. Thus, it can be seen that the relationship between stress and performance is curvilinear. People perform best under moderate amounts of stress.According to McGrath (1976), stress also affects effective decision making. Employees who are highly stressed are more likely to procrastinate and to avoid having to make decisions. Moreover, employees who are under stress have difficulties to concentrate, they are not able to finish their tasks on time, they tend to commit mistakes in their work and often they forget important pieces of information. As a result, all these lead to degradation of employee performance.2.4.2 ordained effects of stress on employee performanceDespite the fact that stress has negative impacts on employee performance, it does have some positive effects as well. According to Suedfeld (1979), life would be very dull indeed if it were altogether devoid of challenges. He concluded that an intermediate level of stimulation and challenge tends to be opti mal for most people. Second, stress may frequently promote personal growth. Stress must sometimes force employee to develop new skills, learn new insights, and acquire new strengths. break but not the least, todays stress can inoculate us so that we are less affected by tomorrows stress. If stressful experience is moderate in intensity and does not overwhelm us, it may increase our subsequent stress tolerance. (Suedfeld, 1979)2.5 Managing StressManagers of organizations have a double perception of stress. They need to be aware of their own stress levels, as well as those of their subordinates. Most of the literature focuses on ways of cut down stress. However, a more entrance approach might be to examine ways of optimizing stress. French, Kast, and Rosenzweig (1985) state that the challenge is to minimize distress and to maintain eustress. They point out that the conditions of organizational life create a series of paradoxes that demonstrates the need for balance and equilibrium. The role of management becomes one of maintaining an appropriate level of stress by providing an optimal environment, and by doing a good job in areas such as performance planning, role analysis, work redesign/job enrichment, continuing feedback, ecological considerations, and interpersonal skills training.2.5.1 Overcoming stress at workAccording to Jick and Payne (1980), there are essentially three strategies for dealing with stress in organizations. The first strategy is to treat the symptoms, secondly change the person and thirdly remove the cause of stress. When a person is already suffering from the effects of stress, the first priority is to treat the symptoms. This includes both the identification of those suffering from excessive stress, as well as providing health-care and psychological counseling services. The second approach is to help individuals build stress management skills to make them less vulnerable to its effects. Examples would be instruction employees time ma nagement and relaxation techniques, or suggesting changes to ones diet or exercise. The third approach is to eliminate or reduce the environmental situation that is creating the stress. This would involve reducing environmental stressors such as noise and pollution, or modifying production schedules and work loads. Furthermore, some researchers have suggested that in order to prevent role conflict, organizations should function according to the classic organizational theory principle of unity of command, that is, the employee should be supervised by a star superior and work according to a single plan.According to Weisner (2003) and Rizzo et al. (1970), an organization which cares for its employees must spare them the cross-fire of two or more superiors who have incompatible work instructions and expectations. Organizational theory maintains that each role should have a particular array of tasks and areas of responsibility (Weisner, 2003). Clear definition of role requirements gives superiors license to expect employees to be responsible for performing their roles. But if employees are not aware of the role requirements and what is expected of them, they will hesitate to make decisions and will work by trial and error aiming to meet their superiors expectations (Rizzo et al., 1970).There are many other successful ways of dealing with stress. These include stress reduction workshops, tranquilizers, biofeedback, meditation, self-hypnosis, and a variety of other techniques designed to relax an individual. Programs that teach tolerance for ambiguity often report positive effects. One of the most promising is a health maintenance program that stresses the necessity of proper diet, exercise and sleep.Last but not the least, Katz and Kahn (1978) suggest that managers can create nurturing and supportive environments to help minimize job-related stress. Social support systems seem to be extremely effective in preventing or relieving the deleterious effects of stress. F riends and family can provide a nurturing environment that builds self-esteem, and make one less susceptible to stress. One study found that brass white-collar workers who received support from their supervisors, peers, and subordinates experienced fewer physical symptoms of stress. (Arnold and Feldman, 1986)2.6 Empirical ReviewNowadays, call centers and BPOs are booming in a high recreate that the people have to work for prolonged hours to maintain the standard of living and achieve their basic needs. So is the condition in the hospitals, colleges, textile and banking sector and rafts of other places. In spite of having the modern technologies and facilities, people are feeling themselves to be work loaded and stressed. In this chapter, a broad brush approach, that is, attempting to deal out all situations, conditions or instances, is adopted to examine the detailed empirical works necessary to verify or disprove the potential explanations that we tentatively identify concerni ng the impact of stress on employee performance.Empirically, substantial progress in this field of research has been made possible by Ko de Ruyter, Martin Wetzels and Richard Feinberg (2001), who conducted a research on Role stress in Call centers Its effects on employee performance and satisfaction. Their study was conducted among call center employees of a large insurance provider in the Netherlands. According to their research, both role stress ambiguity and role stress conflict had a significant and negative relationship with job satisfaction. When role stress increased, job satisfaction decreased, which in turn influences job performance and turnover intention.Moreover, a spate of suicides at France Telecom has put the spotlight on workplace stress and the devastating impact it can have on employees performance. Research by Mark Tutton (2009), has found that there have been 24 suicides and 13 attempted suicides among France Telecoms 100,000 employees since the etymon of 2008 . These cases of suicides were apparently because of stress at work. A thirty-one year old woman jumped to her death from her fifth floor office window after she was told her job was changing again. A worker stabbed himself in the stomach during a staff meeting and a fifty-two year male killed himself and left behind a note saying.I am committing suicide because of my work at France Telecom. Employees of France Telecom have cited constant pressure to resign, impossible goals, frequent forced relocations and chaotic reorganization.Davey, DeBortoli, Parker, Smolkin (2003), in their typology analysis, regarding stress at work, revealed that stress is a widespread phenomenon among Canadian employees. They conducted their research in Watson Wyatt (which surveyed 180 organizations, representing morethan 500,000 full-time Canadian employees). According to this survey, 79% of the respondents claimed that stress, anxiety and depression are the main cause of short-term disability and 73% of respondents claimed that these psychological disorders results in long-term disability.Moreover, the average length of stress-related absences is four times higher than for absences resulting from workplace accidents and occupational diseases.

Characterize The Protagonist

Characterize The ProtagonistThesis State workforcet The narrator, who originally loves animals and his wife, turns violent towards them and even kills his wife, because of alcohol dependence. Alcohol addiction as a line of illness, its consequences and examples from personal experience. In the The Black Cat (1843) by Edgar Allan Poe, the protagonist and his wife love animals and have a number of them. The protagonist favorite pet was a black cat named Pluto. Because of his addiction to alcohol he ends up killing his favorite pet and his wife. The narrator, who originally loves animals and his wife, turns violent towards them and even kills his wife, because of alcohol addiction. Alcohol addiction as a form of illness, its consequences and examples from personal experience. In the biging of the story, the narrator is a day before he dies and explains the motives why he is in prison. Firstly he mention that he is always fond of animals and his wife also shard this love. They had a nu mber of pets, including the cat named Pluto of which the narrator was particularly fond of. As the story goes on the narrator addiction to alcohol got worse taking the best out of him. His illness drives him to have dilutions of the cat that avoiding him while he was drunk. And afterward on drives him to kill his wife.It seems to me that a clear explanation of his addiction is not given in the story. Around that age of the story alcohol was something many men got addicted to. Perhaps we could say that poverty and such issues had something to do with the problem. But still one can only assume. We could also assume that a reason as to why he became addicted to alcohol was because he hadnt a really strong personality. According to the narrator the problem with the alcohol progressed gradually and although in the beginning he only spoke harshly to his wife, he went on to physically abuse her as well. That story strongly reminds me of my father and me. My personal experiences argon the following. When it comes to my father it seems that he was shearing the same motive as the protagonist of the story. In the time when my father had a problem with alcohol was a time when he had financial and personal problems. At that time us family was just beginning to expand and us family business had suffered blow. Our family was counting of him to provide for everything and he couldnt foreclose up. Because of that he began drinking. He had mention to me that during that period the alcohol was helped him to escape reality temporally. The result from drinking was frustration and anger he was rude and angry towards us. Those be of the similarities I noticed between the narrator and my father. To sum up, people with alcohol problems usually are having problems in their lives and they are trying to escape from them in parade fell good or not to feel anything at all. Alcohol leads to many consequences physical and social ones as well. Perhaps the people that end up having such ad dictions already suffer from health, social and other problems, but in my opinion it usually happens to weaker characters. People with strong personalities tend to have a meliorate control over their lives, and even though both the narrator could have been a strong character, just like my father he could be sledding through a rough phase in his life.

What Keeps Me From Writing Essay examples -- miscellaneous

What Keeps Me From WritingWhen I was a child I liked to spell letters to my friends. I had a lot of pen-pals. Also, I had no problems with essays during my grade school years. I did not need much time to create an essay, or a journal, or something else for my writing class. The older I become, the more(prenominal) difficult it gets for me to write. Perhaps, I keep more problems, needs, or other various things in my life that keep me from being able to focus on writing. Therefore, when I read The Watcher at the Gates by Gail Godwin, I saw myself there. In this essay, Godwin illustrates examples of many things that may be obstacles to some people to start writing. Also, she suggests several(prenominal) ways that may help people to overcome such a problem. Although I have different kind of excuses to not start writing, they all have the same meaning, purpose, and consequences as in Godwins essay take me away from writing. There are some of my favorite excuses such as having no ideas t o write about, other important things to do, and enough time before the deadline, that give me no good chance to begin writing. Still, I know that I must circle in my assignments on time, and this helps me to put aside these excuses. The first reason why I begettert sit down and write is that I dont know what to write about. I just have nothing in my head to write about the particular topic. Often, I begin with a couple of sentences and stop because I dont have good thoughts to continue. In these cases, begin to ...

Essay examples --

Meeting is an assembly or gathering of the staff in order to discuss and solve problem that arise. In Pejabat Dewan Undangan Negeri dan Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan, the hardheaded trainee involved before and during the shock. Most of the meeting held at the Meeting Room of Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan between the staff, Speaker, EXCO and YB.Firstly, the practical trainee need to type a notice or memo and paste it at the board of Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan close to the meeting that get out be held. The notice about the meeting should contains about the date, venue and the matters of the meeting that impart be held. Besides that, the practical trainee need to make a copy of the notice or memo to the entire of the staff to ensure they alert about the meeting. For example, the practical trainee need to type a notice about the meeting to discuss about the Persidangan Dewan Undangan Negeri 2013 and prepare a file consist of all text files that will be discussed during the meeting.Next, be fore the meeting, the practical trainee need to make a preparation about the facilities and equipment of meeting sessions like the visual aids and other technological equipments. The practical trainee also should ensure that meals will be served to the guests are sufficient accordingly with the numbers of the members of the meeting.Minutes of meeting is the commemorate of a meeting. The minutes of meeting showtime with list of attendance, issues by the participant and decision for the issues. The practical trainee should write down every an information that the members of the board meeting have discuss. It is very important to record the minutes of the meeting for the staff to take action. For example, the practical trainee need to record about the progress of the ... ...cted Puan Zaitun to type several letter. There are several stairs in typing a letter. Firstly,the practical trainee need to open Microsoft Word and type the word Sulit on the left top and right bottom of the docu ment and all the word are standardized with Arial, 12. Some of the examples of the letter that the practical trainee need to type are Kertas Kerja Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan that was held on the 31st July 2013, the cover letter for the Kertas Kerja of the meeting that was held at Alor Setar and Kuala Lumpur, Taklimat Pantadbiran Tanah Negeri Kedah Kepada YAB Menteri Besar dan Ahli-Ahli Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan and Kertas-Kertas Kerja Yang Akan Dibentangkan Dalam Mesyuarat EXCO. All the letter are private and confidential and need to be put in a file room with a discussion (Refer Appendix, figure 1.3).

The Flag of India Essay -- Papers

The Flag of India The Indian flag consists of orange, white and reverse lightning bands. The color orange stands for courage in there country, white for peace, and green for fertility. A Buddhist emble called a dharma charka lies in the center of the flag. The land India borders a lot like China, Nepal, and Bhutan (that is to the North). Pakistan to the west and Bangladesh to the East. 1 India boasts many great mountain ranges, including the Vindhya Range, which divides northern and southern India. The Himalayan mountain range in northern India consists of some of the highest peaks in the world. The climate2 India has about three main seasons summer is bingle from March to May, the rainy season from June to September, and then winter from October to February. 2The plants and the animals India supports approximately 45,ooo plant species, some which are not found anywhere else in the world except here. Indias most well-known...